How robot lawn mowers find their way around a lawn, explained from what their makers document. One guide so far, on the mowers that work without a perimeter wire.
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Wire, satellites, cameras or LiDAR
A robot mower has to know where the lawn ends. The long-established answer is a boundary wire laid around the edge. Mowers without a wire find their way in one of three ways: satellite positioning corrected by RTK, cameras, or LiDAR, and most current models combine two of them. Which one suits you depends mostly on how much of your lawn has open sky above it: an open lawn suits RTK, while makers turn to LiDAR or add cameras for yards under trees or next to tall walls.